|
(詳細はMaria Montessori's work spread quickly all around the world, soon reaching the USA, where many well-regarded public figures, Alexander Graham Bell and his wife, Mabel, Thomas Edison, Woodrow Wilson ''et al.'', recognized the value of her work with children, and sought to encourage and collaborate with her.〔''Maria Montessori: A Biography'' p.165, by Rita Kramer, Perseus Books, 1988〕〔Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work, E.M. Standing, p. 63, Plume, revised ed. 1998〕 In 1912, Dr. Montessori spoke to a standing-room-only audience at Carnegie Hall, in New York City. By 1915, she had been invited to participate in the Pan-Pacific World's Fair in San Francisco, celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal. There, she had set up a fully functioning classroom for display to the attending.〔''Maria Montessori: A Biography'' p.212-13, by Rita Kramer, Perseus Books, 1988〕 This early American enthusiasm for Montessori was short-lived, after the 1914 publication of ''The Montessori System Examined'', a harshly critical booklet by William Heard Kilpatrick, an advocate of John Dewey's theories of education; by 1920, Montessori schools had virtually disappeared from the US.〔Montessori and the Mainstream: A Century of Reform on the Margins, Keith Whitescarver and Jacqueline Cossentino, in Teacher's College Record, December 2008, pp. 2571–2600 〕 The Montessori-method school resurgence did not occur until after 1960, when Nancy McCormick Rambusch and Margaret Stephenson, who each had worked with Montessori in Europe, separately went to the US. In 1960, Rambusch organized the American Montessori Society (AMS) to Americanize the Montessori method and to make it relevant to the popular culture of the day.〔The Essential Montessori: An Introduction to the Woman, Writing, Method, and the Movement of the Montessori method. p. 117 Elizabeth G. Hainstock, 1997〕 In 1958, the Whitby School was founded in Greenwich, Connecticut as the first Montessori school in the US, followed in 1960 by the opening of the Sophia Montessori School opened by Screen actor, director, writer, Tom Laughlin, was later renamed (Santa Monica Montessori School ) 2 and then in 1962 by the Caedmon School in New York City opened. The first Montessori school in the Southeast, Springmont, was founded in 1963 in Atlanta. In 1961, Mario Montessori, head of the Association Montessori Internationale(AMI), sent Stephenson as his personal representative to the United States, and was later given his permission to set up a branch office of AMI in the United States, which was established in 1970.〔In Memoriam, Margaret E. (Betty) Stephenson (1915-2003), Montessori Life, October, 2003〕 In 1967, a trademark dispute arose over the use of the term "Montessori" between AMS and AMI. This conflict was finally settled by the US Patent and Trademark Trial and Appeal Board in its action to refuse to grant exclusive use of the term "Montessori" to any one particular "Montessori" organization, holding that "the term 'Montessori' has a generic and/or descriptive significance."〔''American Montessori Society, Inc. v. Association Montessori Internationale'', 155 U.S.P.Q. 591, 592 (1967)〕 Disputes over what is a Montessori school have been a continuing aspect of the history of Montessori education, arising especially around the various competing philosophies and interests involved in representing the Montessori method. Despite these conflicts, there are currently more than 5,000 schools identified in some way with the Montessori Method. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Montessori in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|